Nhanganyaya Kumagariro Okurapa Maitiro Emagetsi Anowanikwa

• Mifananidzo yakasanganiswa inonyanya kukosha ndeye 2-D inofungidzira maitiro
• Zvinotarisirwa kuita zvishoma 2-maonero anoenzaniswa kune mumwe nemumwe:
• 1 AP (Anterior kusvika Posterior) kana PA (Posterior kusvika Anterior)
• 2 Lateral
• Supplemental views: Kublique maonero
• Skeletal radiographs anowanzo shandisa AP & lateral maonero
• Chifuva radiographs uye kufungidzira kwe Scoliosis muvana kazhinji vachishandisa nzira yePA
• Kusiyanisa kwePA chest views: varwere vasingakwanisi kubatirana (varwere vane chirwere chakanyanya kana vasingazivi)

• X-ray iyo inomwenje yemagetsi emagetsi (EME) yakafanana ne-photon chiedza kana zvimwe zvingabva
• X-rays inoratidzwa nemavhu akaitwa nevanhu
• Ionizing effect ye x-rays nzira yekubvisa magetsi eatomu kubva kunzira dzavo
• Mhando mbiri dzinotangira mazai ionizing:
• Particle (particulate) mizizi inogadzirwa neAlpha & beta particles izvo zviri mhedzisiro yekuora radioactive kwezvinhu zvakasiyana
• Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) yakabudiswa ne-ray-ray kana gamma rays inonzi photons
• Simba reEEMR rinoenderana newavelength
• Shorter wavelength inofanana nepamusoro pesimba
• Simba reEEM rinopindirana zvakasiyana newavelength

X-ray Properties

• Hapana muripo
• Kusaoneka
• Kusagadzikana kwemashoko akawanda (esp. Human tissues) inobva pa "Z" (atomic number)
• Kuita zvinokonzera fluoresce uye kubudisa chiedza
• Famba pahanho rechiedza
• Ionization uye biologic effect pamasero mhenyu

The Imaging System

• X-ray inobudiswa ne imaging system (x-ray tube, console console, uye high voltage generator)
• X-ray tube yakagadzirwa (-) yakapomerwa cathode uye (+) yakapomerwa anode yakapoteredzwa muhopepuru yakasunungurwa uye yakagara mujasi rekudzivirira resimbi
• A Cathode yakagadzirwa nemafuta akabatanidzwa akaiswa mukati mekutarisa mukombe kuti ape mafungiro emagetsi emagetsi
• Filament tambo yekupisa isingawaniki thorium tungsten simbi yepamusoro yakanyunguduka (3400 C) iyo "inopisa" magetsi thermionic emission
• Focusing cup yakakwenenzverwa nickel (-) yakachaira kuti yakagaraommod iyo filament kuti electrostatically kudzora maerekitironi uye kuvasunga ivo kunzvimbo yekutarisa yeanode disc uko x-rays inogadzirwa

• Anode (+) inokonzerwa nechinangwa chema electron kuti ishande pane imwe nzvimbo
• Inoita magetsi
• Inotenderera kuti ibvise kupisa
• Made of tungsten kudzivisa kupisa
• Anode ane a high atomic number kuti ibudise x-ray dzepamusoro-soro zvakanyanya panzvimbo yepamusoro
• Pane 2-focal nzvimbo yakakura uye duku, imwe neimwe inowirirana necathode's filament size (maduku kusvika kurukuru) inobva paukuru hwemazuva ano mumakateti anotsanangurwa nekuongorora kwemashoko emakona makuru kana maduku
• Iyo inozivikanwa seiri mbiri inotarisa pfungwa

Apo maMikironi ari kubva pamakadziro segore, vanopinda munzvimbo yeAnode inotarisa inoita kuti 3 vanhu zviitiko

• Kuitwa kwe kupisa (99% mugumisiro)
• Kuitwa kwe Bremsstrahlung (kureva, kuputsa mazaisai emvura) x-rays izvo inomiririra vazhinji ye-ray-ray mukati me x-ray emission spectrum
• Kuitwa kwe mamirire x-rays vashomanana chaizvo mumusikirwo

• Zvichibva zvakagadzirwa x-rays pane anode zvine simba rakasiyana
• Vanongoda simba rakawanda kana kuti "zvakaoma" x-rays kuti vanyatsoongorora
• Pamberi kwema-ray anobuda mu tube tinoda kubvisa simba kana kuti pasi simba photon, kureva, "kuomesa danda."
• Yakawedzera tube filtration muchimiro cheasuminium filters inoshandiswa iyo inobvisa zvishoma 50% ye "unfiltered" danda saka ichideredza chirwere chemaawa uye kuwedzera huwandu hwemufananidzo

High Voltage Generator

• X-radhi yekugadzira inoda kusvibiswa kwema electroni kune anode
• Nguva dzose magetsi anopa simba AC ne sinusoidal currents ye "peaks uye madonhwe."
• Munguva yakapfuura, rimwechete-gadziriro yakakwirira yevhiri generator yaizoshandura AC simba kusvika hafu, kana kuti yakazara wave yakagadziriswa kupa pamwe nechiyero muzviuru zvevhiri zvakapiwa ne "voltage ripple" kana mapeji epamusoro. Saka, izwi rokuti kilo voltage peaks (kVp) rakashandiswa
• Mazuva ano jenereta inopa "kusina kuvhara" kubuda kwemagetsi ehu-ray-tube kubvisa "mhirizhonga" iyo inonzi "kilovoltage kV" isina "peaks."

Apo x-rays inobatanidza nemurwere ane mutsara we 3 zviitiko zvichaitika

1. X-rays ichapfuura pasina kubatana uye "kubudisa pachena" mufananidzo wekugamuchira
2. Photoelectric interaction / effect (PE) iyo inopera simba shoma x-rays ichabatwa / kucheneswa nematumbu
3. Compton anoparadzira x-rays vari "bounced off" kuti vagadzire kuparadzira, vasingabatsiri ruzivo rwakanakira kumufirimu uye mufananidzo wakaderera paanenge achigona kupa ruzivo rusingadiwi rwemairasi kuvashandi

• Chimiro chekupedzisira ndicho chibereko chemarudzi ose matatu ekubatana kunozivikanwa se
• Kusiyanisa kubatwa kwe x-ray photons - mugumisiro wekutsvaira kwephotoni neEV, Compton kuparadzira uye x-ray ichipfuura nomurwere

• Compton kuparadzanisa zvishoma kunopera nekuwedzera kwe x-ray simba nekuenzaniswa neP PE effect
• Compton effect probability haitenderi nhamba yeatomu (Z)
• Kuwedzerwa kwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwemasero (hutete nehutete) huchawedzera Compton uye kutaurirana kwe PE

Ipi masero mumuviri anonzi anowanzoshungurudzwa uye akawanda asingagadziri kumayero?

• Maseji ari kugovera nokukurumidza uye kwete kupedzisira akaparadzaniswa, epithelial cells, nezvimwewo zvinowedzera mahara
• Bone marora masero (masero maseru) & ma lymphocyte anonyanya kujeka
• Tsandanyama & uye maseru etsinga akaparadzaniswa zvekupedzisira uye haanyanye kutarisisa nemwaranzi
• Vakwegura (senescent cells) vs. vasati vasvika fetal cells vanowanzoshungurudzika pamasana
• Zvisinei, kutevera miviri yakadzika midzi mumasero akawanda ane hutano achakwanisa kugadzirisa zvichida pasina sarudzo dzinogara kwenguva refu

• Kubata & radiation kutanga 6-7 mavhiki ndivo ndivo vanotambura zvikuru
• Usashandisa zvidzidzo zvemazuva ose (kwete-emergent) mumimba yekudzivirira
• Shandisa 10-zuva Mutemo unogadza kuti radiographs inogona kuwanikwa chete mumazuva gumi ekutanga kubva pakutanga kwekupedzisira kwemwedzi
• Radiographic imaging yevana:
• Kana kliniki inogona kushandiswa kwete maitiro e-ionizing ekufungidzira kwezvokurapa (semuenzaniso, ultrasound)

Zvisiri-axial imaging zvidzidzo zvinoshandisa x-ray photons:

• Kokorodzano yemagetsi
• Fluoroscopy
• Mammography
• Radiographic angiography (ikozvino isiri kushandiswa kakawanda)
• Dental imaging
• Mufananidzo wepamuchinjikwa uchishandisa x-ray photons: Computed Tomography

Chiratidzo uye Kuenzanirana kwekufananidzira kwemafirimu

• Makomborero eEradioography: yakawanda iripo, inotengeswa, yakaderera midzi yehutachiona, danho rokutanga mukufungidzira kupfupiswa kwezvimwe zvikwangwani zve MSK
• payakaipira: 2D kufungidzira, zvishoma zvakanyanya kuongororwa kwezvibereko panguva yekuongororwa kwezvinyama zviduku, zvinhu zvakawanda zvekugadzirisa, uye kuvimba pazvakanaka zvezvinhu zvinosarudzwa zvemashoko, nezvimwewo.

Zviratidzo:

• Chifuva: kutanga kuongorora mapapu / intrathoracic pathology. Zvichida zvinogadzirisa kana zvinopesana nekudiwa kwechifuva CT scanning. Pre-chirurgical evaluation. Kufungidzira kwevana vanorwara nekuda kwechirwere chemajini chakanyanya.
• Skeletal: kuti aongorore bone structure uye kuongorora fractures, dislocation, utachiona, neoplasms, congenital bone dysplasia, uye marudzi akawanda eArthritis
• Dumbu: inogona kuongorora mimba yakaoma, kubvisa pamuviri, mweya wakasununguka kana rusununguko rusununguko mukati mechidziro chemuviri, nephrolithiasis, kuongororwa kwekuchengetwa kwemaharaiyo mahara / mitsara, miviri yekunze, kutarisa chisarudzo chepurgurgical leus nevamwe
• Dental: kumadhongi maitiro evanhu vemazino